what innovations did the qing bring to the governance of china?

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• Introduction & Quick Facts
• • Relief
    • The eastern region
      • The Northeast Plain
      • The Changbai Mountains
      • The Northward Cathay Plain
      • The Loess Plateau
      • The Shandong Hills
      • The Qin Mountains
      • The Sichuan Basin
      • The southeastern mountains
      • Plains of the middle and lower Yangtze
      • The Nan Mountains
    • The southwest
      • The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau
      • The Plateau of Tibet
    • The northwest
      • The Tarim Bowl
      • The Junggar Basin
      • The Tien Shan

  • Drainage

  • Soils

  • Climate
    • The air masses
    • Temperature
    • Precipitation

  • Plant and animal life
    • Flora
    • Animal life
• • Ethnic groups

  • Languages
    • Sino-Tibetan
    • Altaic
    • Other languages

  • Religion

  • Settlement patterns
    • Rural areas
    • Urban areas

  • Demographic trends
    • Population growth
    • Population distribution
    • Internal migration
• • General considerations
    • The role of the government
    • Economic policies

  • Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
    • Farming and livestock
    • Forestry and fishing

  • Resource and power
    • Minerals
    • Hydroelectric potential
    • Energy production

  • Manufacturing

  • Finance

  • Trade

  • Services

  • Labour and taxation

  • Transportation and telecommunications
    • Railways
    • Road networks
    • Waterways
    • Port facilities and shipping
    • Aviation
    • Posts and telecommunication
• • Parallel structure

  • Constitutional framework

  • Political process
    • Role of the CCP
    • Administration

  • Justice

  • Security

  • Health and welfare

  • Education
• • Cultural milieu

  • The arts
    • Literature
    • Visual arts
    • Performing arts

  • Cultural institutions

  • Daily life, sports, and recreation

  • Media and publishing
• • Prehistory
    • Archaeology in China
    • Early humans
    • Neolithic Catamenia
      • Climate and environment
      • Food production
      • Major cultures and sites
        • Incipient Neolithic
        • 6th millennium bce
        • 5th millennium bce
        • 4th and 3rd millennia bce
        • Regional cultures of the Late Neolithic
      • Religious behavior and social organization

  • The first historical dynasty: the Shang
    • The advent of statuary casting
    • The Shang dynasty
      • Royal burials
      • The chariot
      • Fine art
      • Tardily Shang divination and religion
      • State and society

  • The Zhou and Qin dynasties
    • The history of the Zhou (1046–256 bce)
      • Zhou and Shang
      • The Zhou feudal organisation
    • Social, political, and cultural changes
      • The decline of feudalism
      • Urbanization and assimilation
      • The rising of monarchy
      • Economic development
      • Cultural change
    • The Qin empire (221–207 bce)
      • The Qin state
      • Struggle for power
      • The empire

  • The Han dynasty
    • Dynastic authorisation and the succession of emperors
      • Xi (Western) Han
        • Prelude to the Han
        • The regal succession
        • From Wudi to Yuandi
        • From Chengdi to Wang Mang
      • Dong (Eastern) Han
    • The administration of the Han empire
      • The structure of regime
        • The civil service
        • Provincial government
        • The military
      • The practice of government
    • Relations with other peoples
    • Cultural developments

  • The Six Dynasties
    • Political developments
      • The sectionalization of China
        • Sanguo (Three Kingdoms; 220–280 ce)
        • The 11 (Western) Jin (265–316/317 ce)
      • The era of barbarian invasions and rule
        • The Dong (Eastern) Jin (317–420) and afterward dynasties in the south (420–589)
        • The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439)
    • Intellectual and religious trends
      • Confucianism and philosophical Daoism
      • Daoism
      • Buddhism

  • The Sui dynasty
    • Wendi's institutional reforms
    • Integration of the south
    • Foreign affairs under Yangdi

  • The Tang dynasty
    • Early Tang (618–626)
      • Administration of the country
      • Financial and legal system
    • The period of Tang power (626–755)
      • The "era of skillful government"
      • Rise of the empress Wuhou
      • Prosperity and progress
      • Military reorganization
    • Late Tang (755–907)
      • Provincial separatism
      • The struggle for central authority
    • Cultural developments
      • The influence of Buddhism
      • Trends in the arts
    • Social change
      • Refuse of the elite
      • Population movements
      • Growth of the economic system

  • The Five Dynasties and the X Kingdoms
    • The Wudai (V Dynasties)
    • The Shiguo (10 Kingdoms)

  • The barbarians: Tangut, Khitan, and Juchen
    • The Tangut
    • The Khitan
    • The Juchen

  • The Song dynasty
    • Bei (Northern) Song (960–1127)
      • Unification
      • Consolidation
      • Reforms
      • Decline and fall
    • Nan (Southern) Vocal (1127–1279)
      • Survival and consolidation
      • Relations with the Juchen
      • The court's relations with the hierarchy
      • The primary councillors
      • The bureaucratic manner
      • The clerical staff
      • The rise of Neo-Confucianism
      • Internal solidarity during the reject of the Nan Vocal
    • Song culture

  • The Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty
    • The Mongol conquest of Mainland china
      • Invasion of the Jin state
      • Invasion of the Song state
    • Prc nether the Mongols
      • Mongol government and assistants
        • Early Mongol rule
        • Changes under Kublai Khan and his successors
        • Economy
      • Religious and intellectual life
        • Daoism
        • Buddhism
        • Strange religions
        • Confucianism
        • Literature
        • The arts
      • Yuan People's republic of china and the West
      • The end of Mongol rule

  • The Ming dynasty
    • Political history
      • The dynasty'southward founder
      • The dynastic succession
    • Government and administration
      • Local authorities
      • Primal government
      • Later innovations
    • Foreign relations
    • Economic policy and developments
      • Population
      • Agriculture
      • Taxation
      • Coinage
    • Civilization
      • Philosophy and religion
      • Fine arts
      • Literature and scholarship

  • The early Qing dynasty
    • The rise of the Manchu
    • The Qing empire
      • Political institutions
      • Foreign relations
      • Economical development
    • Qing club
      • Social system
      • Land and guild
      • Trends in the early Qing

  • Late Qing
    • Western challenge, 1839–sixty
      • The first Opium State of war and its backwash
      • The antiforeign movement and the 2d Opium War (Pointer War)
    • Popular uprising
      • The Taiping Rebellion
      • The Nian Rebellion
      • Muslim rebellions
      • Effects of the rebellions
    • The Self-Strengthening Movement
      • Foreign relations in the 1860s
      • Industrialization for "self-strengthening"
    • Changes in outlying areas
      • E Turkistan
      • Tibet and Nepal
      • Myanmar (Burma)
      • Vietnam
      • Nihon and the Ryukyu Islands
      • Korea and the Sino-Japanese War
    • Reform and upheaval
      • The Hundred Days of Reform of 1898
      • The Boxer Rebellion
    • Reformist and revolutionist movements at the end of the dynasty
      • Dominicus Yat-sen and the United League
      • Constitutional movements later on 1905
      • The Chinese Revolution (1911–12)

  • The early republican period
    • The development of the republic (1912–xx)
      • Early power struggles
      • China in Earth War I
        • Japanese gains
        • Yuan's attempts to become emperor
        • Conflict over entry into the state of war
        • Formation of a rival southern government
        • Wartime changes
      • Intellectual movements
        • An intellectual revolution
        • Riots and protests
    • The interwar years (1920–37)
      • Ancestry of a national revolution
        • The Nationalist Party
        • The Chinese Communist Party
        • Communist-Nationalist cooperation
      • Reactions to warlords and foreigners
        • Militarism in Mainland china
        • The strange presence
        • Reorganization of the KMT
      • Struggles inside the 2-political party coalition
        • Clashes with foreigners
        • KMT opposition to radicals
        • The Northern Expedition
        • Expulsion of communists from the KMT
      • The Nationalist government from 1928 to 1937
        • Japanese aggression
        • War betwixt Nationalists and communists
        • The United Front end against Japan

  • The late republican catamenia
    • The war against Nihon (1937–45)
      • The Sino-Japanese War
        • Phase one
        • Phase 2: stalemate and stagnation
        • Renewed communist-Nationalist conflict
      • The international alliance confronting Japan
        • U.South. aid to Prc
        • Conflicts within the international alliance
        • Phase three: approaching crisis (1944–45)
        • Nationalist deterioration
        • Communist growth
        • Efforts to forbid civil state of war
    • Civil war (1945–49)
      • A race for territory
        • Attempts to finish the war
        • Resumption of fighting
      • The tide begins to shift
        • A land revolution
        • The decisive year, 1948
      • Communist victory

  • Establishment of the People's Democracy
    • Reconstruction and consolidation, 1949–52
    • The transition to socialism, 1953–57
      • Rural collectivization
      • Urban socialist changes
      • Political developments
      • Foreign policy
    • New directions in national policy, 1958–61
    • Readjustment and reaction, 1961–65

  • The Cultural Revolution, 1966–76
    • Attacks on cultural figures
    • Attacks on party members
    • Seizure of power
    • The end of the radical period
    • Social changes
    • Struggle for the premiership
    • Consequences of the Cultural Revolution

  • China later the death of Mao
    • Domestic developments
      • Readjustment and recovery
      • Economic policy changes
      • Political developments
      • Educational and cultural policy changes
    • International relations
    • Relations with Taiwan

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Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/China/The-Qing-empire

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